There is no general bibliography covering the whole of the period treated in this volume, and it is quite impossible to mention here all the materials which the author has used in writing the foregoing pages. There are, however, several lists that will prove helpful to the student and investigator.
Edward Channing and Albert Bushnell Hart, Guide to the Study of American History (1896), 149-156, contains titles and references on the most significant features of the time. The more important books are critically annotated in J. N. Earned, Literature of American History (1902), 152-181. Justin Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America (8 vols., 1889), VII., 233-236, 255-266, has a mass of detail, not brought down to the present time. A useful list of sources is in Paul L. Ford, Bibliography and Reference List of the History and Literature relating to the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States (1888). Some of the volumes treating of different phases of this period contain good bibliographical lists and will be mentioned in their appropriate places below; the footnotes to Bancroft, Curtis, McMaster, and other general works will be found serviceable. A good list of helpful references is to be found in William E. Foster, References to the Constitution of the United States (1890). On the period of the Confederation, many of the authorities are identical with those enumerated in C. H. Van Tyne, The American Revolution, chap, xviii.
GENERAL SECONDARY WORKS
The most important treatise on this period is George Bancroft, History of the Formation of the Constitution of the United States of America (2 vols., 1882), text reprinted in volume VI. of History of the United States, "author's last revision" (6 vols., 1883-1885). The two volumes are fully equipped with footnotes, and with appendices containing valuable documents, some of which are nowhere else obtainable in print. The books are the product of great toil and conscientious effort, but the author's habit of altering quotations for literary effect is much to be deplored, as is his general method of arranging material. Too great an effort is often made to follow events chronologically where a topical treatment would add much to the clearness. Like the earlier volumes of his History of the United States, these are marred by the tone of exaltation with which it is almost impossible to write truthful history; and thus, although he narrates the facts honestly, the reader fails to get the right idea of the years of the Confederation. In spite of this, all students must acknowledge their gratitude to Bancroft's painstaking research and devotion to historical accuracy.
A full treatment of the period is in George Ticknor Curtis, History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution of the United States (2 vols., 1854), reprinted unchanged, as vol. I. of his Constitutional History of the United States (2 vols., 1889- 1896). These volumes are, on the whole, accurate and are written apparently with painstaking effort, but without breadth of view. The statements of the text are not very carefully supported by references to authorities, and the somewhat complex and dry style leaves the reader with a feeling of dissatisfaction. John Fiske, The Critical Period of American History, 1783–1789 (1888), is an exceedingly interesting and popular narrative. The author knew how to tell a story with inimitable skill. Although there are not many errors of fact in the book, and certain fundamental ideas are clearly brought out, as an authority, the work is altogether without scientific standing, because it is little more than a remarkably skilful adaptation of a very few secondary authorities, showing almost no evidence of first-hand acquaintance with the sources. Even Bancroft's rearranged quotations have been taken in some cases without consulting the sources. It is not strong in its treatment of the industrial conditions of the period, and there is no evidence of any original thinking on the problem and work of the convention. The peace negotiations are described from the viewpoint of an uncritical admirer of Jay's policy.
Of the utmost importance for information on the life of the people is the first volume of John Bach McMaster, History of the People of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War (5 vols., published 1883-1900). An immense amount of valuable and suggestive material is drawn from the newspapers of the time, though no effort is made to discuss Constitutional history. Two good sketches are to be found in Winsor, America, VII., "The Confederation, 1781-1789," by Justin Winsor, and "The Constitution of the United States and Its History," by George Ticknor Curtis. Richard Hildreth, History of the United States (6 vols., 1849 -1852; subsequent editions from same plates), in vol. IV., gives a short, clear, dry, and condensed account. Something is to be found in the first volume of James Schouler, History of the United States under the Constitution (6 vols., 1880-1899), and in Timothy Pitkin, Political and Civil History of the United States (2 vols., 1828). Hermann E. von Hoist, The Constitutional and Political History of the United States (Lalor's transl., 8 vols., several editions, 1876-1892), gives a suggestive and philosophic discussion in volume I., chaps, 1. and 2.
Of special service will be found the biographies of statesmen of the time, many of which contain considerable original material. William Jay, The Life of John Jay, with Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers (2 vols., 1833), and George Pellew, John Jay (1890), are helpful in studying diplomatic conditions.
John C. Hamilton, History of the Republic of the United States as Traced in the Writings of Alexander Hamilton and of His Cotemporaries (7 vols., 1857-1864, also later editions, unaltered), though written with bias, is useful.
Valuable material will be found in Kate M. Rowland, The Life of George Mason, 1725-1792, including His Speeches, Public Papers, and Correspondence (2 vols., 1892). The best life of Madison in short form is Gaillard Hunt, Life of James Madison (1902), not a brilliant but a thoroughly scholarly book, written from the sources. A very able treatment of the period of the Confederation is William C. Rives, History of the Life and Times of James Madison (3 vols., 1859-1868).
Among the biographers of greatest service on this period are William Wirt Henry, Patrick Henry, Life, Correspondence, and Speeches (3 vols., 1891), a work based on good material and containing much original matter; Moses Coit Tyler, Patrick Henry (1887), is somewhat eulogistic, but strong and entertaining.
William V. Wells, The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams (3 vols., 1865); James T. Austin, The Life of Elbridge Gerry, with Contemporary Letters (2 vols., 1828-1829).
Charles J. Stills, The Life and Times of John Dickinson, 1732-1808 (1891, also in Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Memoirs, XHI.); Moncure D. Conway, Omitted Chapters of History Disclosed in the Life and Papers of Edmund Randolph (1888); Griffith J. McRee, Life and Correspondence of James Iredell (2 vols., 1857-1858), containing many original letters, some of considerable importance.
Richard H. Lee, Memoir of the Life of Richard Henry Lee and His Correspondence with the Most Distinguished Men in America and Europe (2 vols., 1825), containing selected letters throwing insufficient light on the work and opinions of Lee; Thomas C. Amory, Life of James Sullivan, with Selections from His Writings (2 vols., 1859), giving some information concerning conditions in Massachusetts.
Henry S. Randall, Life of Thomas Jefferson (3 vols., 1858), able, eulogistic, old-fashioned; John T. Morse, Jr., Thomas Jefferson (1883), Benjamin Franklin (1889), John Adams (1885); Sydney H. Gay, James Madison (1884); James Parton, Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin (2 vols., 1864); Henry Cabot Lodge, Alexander Hamilton (1882), George Washington (2 vols., 1889), a hurried but readable sketch; John Marshall, Life of Washington (5 vols., 1804-1807, 2 vols., 1832), not particularly strong on the period of the Confederation; Theodore Roosevelt, Gouverneur Morris (1888).
GENERAL COLLECTIONS OF SOURCES
This period can be satisfactorily studied in its political and Constitutional aspects from collections of printed sources that are fairly accessible. The Journals of Congress and The Secret Journals of Congress are absolutely necessary. The Journals were printed in a number of editions, and it is unnecessary here to go into their complicated bibliography; see Paul L. Ford, "Some Materials for a Bibliography of the Official Publications of the Continental Congress" (Boston Pubhc Library, Bulletin, VIII.-X.); Herbert M. Friedenwald, "Journals and Papers of the Continental Congress," with a bibliography (American Historical Association, Annual Report, 1896, 1., 85-135). The Library of Congress has already issued one volume of a new edition of the Journals, edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford (1904-), which will supersede all previous editions. The originals are now in the Library of Congress.
The standard collection of material on the Constitutional conventions is Jonathan Elliot, The Debates in the Several State Conventions, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution (5 vols., 2d ed., 1836-1845, also subsequent editions). Vol. I. contains a series of very important state papers, including the journal of the Philadelphia convention, valuable letters, and comments on the Constitution; vol. V. contains Madison's notes on the Federal Convention and on a few debates in the Congress of the Confederation. Albert Bushnell Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries (4 vols., 1897-1901), II., chap. XXXV., and III.., pts. ii., iii., and iv., gives a few selected sources.
Hardly less important are the writings of the statesmen of the time. There are two editions of Washington's works: Writings of George Washington (ed. by W. C. Ford, 14 vols., 1889-1893); Writings of George Washington (ed. by Jared Sparks, 12 vols., 1834-1837), not so carefully edited as the Ford edition. Madison's writings appear in three forms: The Writings of James Madison, Comprising His Public Papers and His Private Correspondence, etc. (ed. by Gaillard Hunt, 5 vols, so far published, 1900-), the most satisfactory collection of Madison's writings, carefully edited, and containing much not to be found in the other collections, which are fragmentary; Letters and Other Writings of Madison (official ed., 4 vols., 1865); The Papers of James Madison . . . His Correspondence and Reports of Debates During the Congress of the Confederation, and His Reports of Debates . . . in the Federal Convention (ed. by Henry D. Gilpin, 3 vols., 1840). These volumes are of inestimable value for tracing the work of the Continental Congress and of the Federal Convention.
Neither of the two collections of Hamilton's writings is complete and altogether satisfactory: Complete Works of Alexander Hamilton (ed. by H. C. Lodge, 9 vols., 1885-1886); The Works of Alexander Hamilton, Comprising His Correspondence (ed. by J. C. Hamilton, 7 vols., 1850-1851). The so-called federal edition of the Works of Hamilton (also edited by Lodge) is a reprint of the edition of 1885-1886 and without substantial alteration (12 vols., 1904).
Of Franklin's works, The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin (ed. by John Bigelow, 10 vols., 1887-1888) is the best yet published; see also The Works of Benjamin Franklin . . . with Notes and a Life of the Author (ed. by Jared Sparks, 10 vols., 1840-1850). A new set of Franklin's writings, in ten volumes, edited by Albert Smythe, is in the process of collection and publication. For John Adams, The Works of John Adams . . . with a Life of the Author (ed. by C. F. Adams, 10 vols., 1850-1856), is a useful and entirely satisfactory collection. Writings of James Monroe (ed. by Stanislaus M. Hamilton, 7 vols., 1898-1903), throws some light on the political events of the period as seen by one of the inferior statesmen of the time.
Especially useful for all diplomatic matters is The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay (ed. by Henry P. Johnston, 4 vols., 1890-1893), furnishing us, however, with but a small part of Jay's voluminous correspondence. On the western question, and on the last days of the Confederation, aid may be had from Charles R. King, The Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, Comprising His Letters, Private and Official, His Public Documents, and His Speeches (6 vols., 1894-1900), full of original material, but with a great deal of secondary comment which is not especially helpful.
The best edition of the works of Jefferson yet issued is The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (ed. by P. L. Ford, 10 vols., 1892-1899). An older edition is The Writings of Thomas Jefferson: Being His Autobiography, Correspondence . . . and Other Writings (ed. by H. A. Washington, 9 vols., 1853-1854). An edition in twenty volumes, which it is claimed will be more nearly complete than any previous edition, is in course of publication by the Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association (11 vols, so far published, 1903-1905).
THE TREATY OF PEACE
The most important sources are found in The Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States (ed. by Francis Wharton, 6 vols., 1889). The first volume is largely given up to comments by Mr. Wharton on the men and events of the period. He believes in the general trustworthiness of Vergennes and sympathizes with Franklin in his attitude on the questions that arose at Paris. The volumes, containing long extracts from Adams's and Franklin's diaries and other like material, in addition to the regular formal diplomatic correspondence, leave little to be desired for understanding the main course of the negotiations. The last entry is under date of March 4, 1785.
Wharton makes his position clear also in his Digest of International Law (3 vols., 1886), III., App. Useful also is Diplomatic Correspondence of the American Revolution (ed. by Jared Sparks, 12 vols., 1829-1830, also in 6 vols., 1857), a series which has the disadvantage of Sparks's method of not copying materials with absolute exactness. Sparks is strongly of the opinion that Jay was in error. Essential for the appreciation of the general diplomatic condition is Henrich Doniol, Histoire de la Participation de la France a V Etablissemchent des Etats-Unis d'Amerique (5 vols, and suppl., 1886-1900). Doniol naturally believes that the Americans' were unjust in their suspicions.
In addition to the sources already named, use must be made of The Correspondence and Public Papers of John Jay (Johnston's ed., II. and III.), and the works of Franklin and Adams. Edward Everett Hale and Edward E. Hale, Jr., Franklin in France (2 vols., 1887-1888), gives much source-material, most important being the letters of Oswald and Oswald's so-called "Journal." Strong defences of Jay's position are to be found in "The Peace Negotiations of 1782-1783," written by John Jay, a descendant of the commissioner, in Winsor, America, VII.; and in George Pellew, John Jay. Theodore Lyman, The Diplomacy of the United States (2d ed., 2 vols., 1828), contains considerable original material, but the treatment is on the whole now antiquated. Documents used by Bancroft are in Adolphe de Circourt, Histoire de V Action Commune ... (3 vols., 1876). Of especial interest as giving a new view of the plans and aims of France is F. J. Turner, "The Policy of France toward the Mississippi Valley in the Period of Washington and Adams," in American Historical Review, X., 249-279. Professor Turner has collected evidence which may indicate the aim of France during the Revolution to succeed Spain in the possession of the west.
For the English conditions, a most important source is Edmond George Petty, Lord Fitzmaurice, Life of William, Earl of Shelburne . . . with Extracts from His Papers and Correspondence (3 vols., 1875-1876). Use may also be made of W. Bodham Donne, The Correspondence of King George III. with Lord North, 1768 To 1783 (2 vols,, 1867); John Adolphus, History of England from the Accession to the Decease of George in. (7 vols., 1840-1845); W. E. H. Lecky, History of England in the Eighteenth Century (8 vols,, 18 78-1 890), IV.; Lord John Russell, Life and Times of Charles James Fox (3 vols., 1859-1866); George Thomas, Earl of Albemarle, Memoirs of the Marquis of Rockingham (2 vols., 1852).
FINANCIAL CONDITIONS OF THE CONFEDERATION
The investigator is chiefly dependent on the Journals of Congress, although much valuable material is also contained, for the earlier time, in Francis Wharton, Diplomatic Correspondence. A learned but arid and badly arranged work is William G. Sumner, The Financier and the Finances of the American Revolution (2 vols., 1891), filled with information, but absolutely unusable by the average reader. Very helpful is Charles J. Bullock, Finances of the United States, 1775-1789,, with Especial Reference to the Budget (University of Wisconsin, Bulletins, Economics, Political Science, and History Series, I., No. 2, 1895); contains a good bibliography. Also Henry Phillips, Historical Sketches of the Paper Currency of the American Colonies (2 vols., 1865-1866). Some use may be made of Albert S. Bolles, The Financial History of the United States (3 vols., 1879-1886), L, 1774-1789; also Henry Bronson, "A Historical Account of Connecticut Currency, Continental Money, and the Finances of the Revolution" (New Haven Historical Society, Papers, I., 1865); E. P. Oberholtzer, Robert Alorris (1903); Samuel Breck, Historical Sketch of Continental Paper Money (1843). For a short treatment, see Davis R. Dewey, Financial History of the United States (1903), chap. ii.
TROUBLES WITH THE ARMY
The subject is fully treated in chaps, viii. and ix. of Louis C. Hatch, The Administration of the American Revolutionary Army {Harvard Historical Studies, X., 1904), with bibliography. The Newburg addresses are in Journals of Congress under the date April 29, 1783. Besides the writings of the men of the time that have already been referred to, use should be made of Francis S. Drake, Life and Correspondence of Henry Knox, Major-General in the American Revolutionary Army (1873); Noah Brooks, Henry Knox, a Soldier of the Revolution (1900); Octavius Pickering and C. W. Upham, The Life of Timothy Pickering (4 vols., 1867-1873); B. J. Lossing, The Life and Times of Philip Schuyler (2 vols., 1 860-1 87 3); Jared Sparks, The Life of Gouverneur Morris, with Selections from His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers (3 vols., 1832), containing valuable original material.
COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS
Of immense service is John B. McMaster, History of the People of the United States, I., though his facts are without arrangement except for graphic effect. William B. Weeden, Economic and Social History of New England, i620-1789 (2 vols., 1890), is a necessity. A monograph by Dr. Guy H. Roberts, The Foreign Commerce of the United States during the Confederation, which I have been permitted to see in manuscript, will be to the student of that topic, when published, indispensable. In reaching the conclusions in the foregoing pages, many sorts of original materials have been used, and reliance placed both on facts and testimony. Special attention may be called to "Letters of Stephen Higginson" and "Letters of Phineas Bond" (American Historical Association, Annual Report, 1896, I., 513-659, 704-841); Jeremy Belknap, History of New Hampshire (3 vols., 1784-1792, 2d ed., 1812); Pennsylvania Archives, 1783-1786; Jean Pierre Brissot de Warville, New Travels in the United States (2 vols., 2d ed., 1794); Francois J. Chastellux, Travels in North America, 1780-1782 (2 vols., 1787, 2d ed., 1828); Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles (ed.by F. B. Dexter, 3 vols., 1901), III.; Isaac W. Hammond, New Hampshire Town Papers, XIII. Of great service are the writings of the statesmen, and the Diplomatic Correspondence, 1783-1789. Of service especially for statistics are David Macpherson, Annals of Commerce (4 vols., 1805); Tench Coxe, A View of the United States of America (1794); Lord Sheffield, Observations on the Com-merce of the American States (6th ed-., 1784); Timothy Pitkin, Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States (1816); American State Papers, Commerce and Navigation; John Drayton, A View of South-Carolina (1802).
FOREIGN RELATIONS AFTER THE PEACE
On this topic, besides the authorities described above, we have full information in The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States, 1783-1789 (3 vols., 1837, also 7 vols., 1833-1834). This indispensable material suffers from being ill-arranged. In addition, use must be made of the writings of Adams, Franklin, Jefferson, and especially of Jay. The general reader may read Theodore Lyman, The Diplomacy of the United States (2 vols., 1828), I., chaps, iv.-viii.; William H. Trescot, The Diplomatic History of the Administrations of Washington and Adams (1857), chap. i.; and John W. Foster, A Century of American Diplomacy (1900), chap. iii. Good accounts of the trouble with Spain are found in Bancroft and McMaster. Use can be made of George Pellew's Jay. Valuable references to the subject are to be found in Correspondence and Public Papers of Jay (Johnston's ed.); Writings of Madison (Hunt's ed.); Writings of Monroe (S. M. Hamilton's ed.); Writings of Jefferson (P. L. Ford's ed.); W. W. Henry, Patrick Henry; and W. C. Ford, The United States and Spain in 1790, introduction. The conditions in the southwest are well treated by Charles E. A. Gayarre, History of Louisiana (in various editions, 4th ed., 4 vols., 1903). The conspiracy in Kentucky has been very well treated in Theodore Roosevelt, Winning of the West, and the various books on the history of Kentucky mentioned below. Special reference should be made to John Mason Brown, The Political Beginnings of Kentucky (Filson Club, Publications, No. 6, 1889), written for the purpose of exculpating the author's ancestor; and above all to Thomas M. Green.
The Spanish Conspiracy: a Review of Early Spanish Movements in the Southwest, Containing Proofs of the Intrigues of James Wilkinson and John Brown, etc. (1891), written to demonstrate that John Mason Brown was wrong in his conclusions. General James Wilkinson, Memoirs of My Own Times (3 vols., 1816), is an historical source comparable in authority to the writings of Benvenuto Cellini or the lamented Baron Munchausen, but he gives some account of his machinations. Conclusive proof of Wilkinson's rascality is to be found in William R. Shepherd, "Wilkinson and the Beginnings of the Spanish Conspiracy" {Avierican Historical Review, IX., 490-506), and "Papers Bearing on James Wilkinson's Relations with Spain, 1787-1789" {ihid., 748-766).
For our relations with England we have full material in Diplomatic Correspondence, 1783-1789, and in the works of John Adams and John Jay. As to the retention of the western posts, see A. C. McLaughlin, "The Western Posts and the British Debts" (American Historical Association, Annual Report, 1894, 413-444). Our early relations with the Barbary pirates are discussed in Eugene Schuyler, American Diplomacy (1886).
WESTERN HISTORY
Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West (4 vols., 1889-1896), covers the period 1773-1807; a brilliant work and on the whole trustworthy, though written in apparent haste; a graphic picture of the life of the woodsmen and their deeds in winning the Mississippi basin. For the northwest, the best general treatment is Burke Aaron Hinsdale, The Old Northwest, the Beginnings of our Colonial System (2d ed., revised, 1899), a carefully prepared and lucidly written volume with a good bibliography. Of more doubtful utility is Justin Winsor, The Westward Movement: the Colonies and the Republic West of the Alleghanies, 1763-1798 (1897), fully illustrated with maps. Covering the period in a scholarly but uninteresting fashion, it contains a vast amount of information. On the attitude of Maryland, see Herbert B. Adams, Maryland's Influence upon Land Cessions to the United States {Johns Hopkins University Studies, 3d series, III., No. i., 1885). An excellent treatment of the Ordinance of 1787, with a good bibliography, is to be found in Jay A. Barrett, Evolution of the Ordinance of lySy, with an Account of the Earlier Plans for the Government of the Northwest Territory {University of Nebraska Seminary Papers, No. 1, 1891). On this subject see also James C. Welling, "The States" Rights Conflict over the Public Lands" (American Historical Association, Papers, III., No. 2, p. 167); found also in Welling, Addresses, Lectures, and Other Papers (1903). John M. Merriam, "The Legislative History of the Ordinance of 1787" (American Antiquarian Society, Proceedings, new series, v., 303).
John Marshall's report on the question of Connecticut title is in American State Papers, Public Lands, I., 94-98. See also chap. vii. of King, Ohio, First Fruits of the Ordinance of 1787 (2d ed., 1903); Jacob P. Dunn, Indiana (1888), a very careful examination of the whole subject, including authorship; Thomas M. Cooley, Michigan (1885); William F. Poole, "Dr. Cutler and the Ordinance of 1787" {North American Review, CXXII., 229-265). Of special service are Life, Journals, and Correspondence of Rev. Manasseh Cutler (ed. by W. P. and Julia P. Cutler, 2 vols., 1888), containing much original material, including Cutler's journal. Use can be made of Pickering and Upham, Life of Pickering; Shosuke Sato, History of the Land Question in the United States {Johns Hopkins University Studies, 4th series, Nos. 7-9); George W. Knight, History and Management of Land Grants for Education in the Northwest Territory (American Historical Association, Papers, I., No. 3); Rowena Buell, Memoirs of Rufus Putnam (1903); W. H. Smith, The St. Clair Papers (2 vols., 1882). The early history of the northwest can be followed clearly only by reference to the Journals of Congress.
The history of the country south of the Ohio is well treated in a good many secondary authorities, notably James Phelan, History of Tennessee, the Making of a State (1888); Nathaniel S. Shaler, Kentucky (1885); Lewis Collins, History of Kentucky (revised ed., 2 vols., 1874), a work containing a vast amount of information, not very attractive to the general reader; A. W. Putnam, History of Middle Tennessee; or, Life and Times of Gen. James Robertson (1859), containing much original material, but diffuse and wordy; James G. McG. Ramsey, The Annals of Tennessee to the End of the Eighteenth Century (1853), another storehouse of information, including documentary material of great assistance to the investigator; John Haywood, Civil and Political History of Tennessee (1823 and 1891), a work depending in a measure upon the narratives of frontiersmen, but, though to be used with care, of real service to the investigator. Most suggestive is Frederick J. Turner, "Western State-Making in the Revolutionary Era," {American Historical Review, I., 70-87, 251-269); it discusses the numerous efforts to make states in the transmontane region. See also George H. Alden, "The State of Franklin" {American Historical Review, VIII., 271-289), and "The Evolution of the American System of Forming and Admitting New States into the Union " (American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, XVIII., 469-479). The relations of the subject to the west during the Revolution appear in C. H. Van Tyne, The American Revolution, chap. xv.
PAPER MONEY
Information on this subject abounds in the writings of the leading men of the time, Washington, Madison, Jay, and others. Bibliography in Bullock, ut supra {Wisconsin Bulletin, 1895). W. Z. Ripley, Financial History of Vir-ginia, i6og-iyy6 {Columbia Studies, IV., No. 1, 1893), gives a few pages to this period, and a bibliography. Jeremy Belknap, Nerv Hampshire, is also of use. On affairs in Rhode Island, see Samuel G. Arnold, History of Rhode Island (2 vols., 1859-i860); Brissot de Warville, New Travels, 1794, see above); W. R. Staples, Rhode Island in the Continental Congress (1870); and F. G. Bates, Rhode Island and the Formation of the Union {Columbia Studies, X., No. 2, 1898), a careful study of the relations of Rhode Island to the federal government in the period of the Confederation. On the case of Trevett vs. Weeden, see James B. Thayer, Cases on Constitutional Law (2 vols., 1894-1895), I., 73-78; Brinton Coxe, An Essay on Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation (1893); James M. Vamum, The Case, Trevett against Weeden (1787). Bancroft and Curtis have something to say of paper money, but of the general accounts the most helpful is found in McMaster, History of the People of the United States, I., chap. iii.
SHAYS'S REBELLION
Bibliography in Berkshire Athenaeum, Quarterly Bulletin (October, 1903). The most useful source is George R. Minot, The History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts, in the Year 1786, and the Rebellion Consequent Thereon (1788; 2d ed., 1810), written by a man who took an active part in the affairs of his day. John S. Barry, History of Massachusetts (3 vols., 1855-1857), gives a clear account with abundant references. Some material is in Noah Brooks, Henry Knox; A. B. Hart, American History Told by Contemporaries, III., chap. ix. The town histories contain much valuable information. See Charles F. Adams, History of Braintree . . . and . . . Qiiincy (1891); J. G. Holland, History of Western Massachusetts (2 vols., 1855); William Lincoln, History of Worcester (1837). In the preparation of this chapter some helpful references have been received from an interesting monograph by Dr. Joseph P. Warren, on Shays's rebellion, which is to be published.
PROPOSALS TO AMEND THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION
For the examination of this subject the Journals of Congress are a necessity. The most important original materials have, however, been gathered together in a little pamphlet, entitled, Proposals to Amend the Articles of Confederation, 1781-1783 {American History Leaflets, No. I, 1896). Resolutions and reports are also brought together in Jonathan Elliot, Debates, I., 85-116. For the Annapolis convention, especially helpful are William C. Rives, Life of Madison; J. Thomas Scharf , History of Maryland (3 vols., 1879); The Writings of Madison (Hunt's ed.), II.; Kate M. Rowland, Life of George Mason, II.
THE FEDERAL CONVENTION
The fullest discussions of the convention are those of Bancroft and Curtis; Hildreth, Fiske, McMaster, and other general writers all contain accounts more or less elaborate, and there is an arid, concise condensation in Catnhridge Modern History, VII. (1903). The subject can be examined satisfactorily only in the original materials. Nearly all the information we have of the proceedings of the convention is contained in the official journal, in the minutes taken by Madison, Yates, King, Paterson, Pierce, and Hamilton, and in various letters written while the convention was in progress. The official journal is published in Elliot, Debates, I., and directly from the manuscript in the Documentary History of the Constitution, 1786-1870 (5 vols., 1894-1905), I. Madison's notes, the chiefest source, have been variously published. The best edition is in Writings of Madison (Hunt's ed.). III., IV., the edition used by the writer of the present volume. Other editions are H. D. Gilpin, The Papers of James Madison (3 vols., 1840, 2d ed., 1841); Elliot, Debates, V., 109-565; Erastus H. Scott, erroneously entitled Journal of the Federal Convention (1893), a copy of Gilpin. An elaborate reproduction appears in the Documentary History of the Constitution, III. King's minutes are to be found in King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, I., 587-621; Yates's notes in Elliot, Debates, I., 389-479; Paterson's notes in American Historical Revieiv, IX., 310-340; Alexander Hamilton's notes, ibid., X., 97-109; Pierce's notes, ibid., III., 310-334. The bibliography of the letters written by the leaders of the Philadelphia convention appears in J. Franklin Jameson, "Studies in the History of the Federal Convention of 1787" (American Historical Association, Annual Report, 1902, I.), which also contains very important treatment of the convention.
Of service to the investigator is William M. Meigs, Growth of the Constitution in the Federal Convention of 1787 (1900). Luther Martin's "Letter," or "Genuine Information," is in Elliot, Debates, L, 344-389. On "the law of the land" and powers of the judiciary, see Brinton Coxe, Essay on Judicial Power, etc. (1893); William M. Meigs, "The Relation of the Judiciary to the Constitution" {American Law Review, 1885, 175-203); J. B. Thayer, Cases, I., 48-94; Austin Scott, "Holmes vs. Walton: the New Jersey Precedent" {American Historical Review, IV., 456-469). For Pinckney's plan, see ibid., IX., 735-747; also American Historical Association, Annual Report, 1902, I., 111-132. On the compromises, see Max Farrand, "Compromises of the Constitution" {American Historical Review, IX., 479-489).
THE ADOPTION OF THE CONSTITUTION
For bibliography, see Paul L. Ford, Bibliography and Reference List, mentioned above; and J, Franklin Jameson, in American Historical Association, Annual Report, 1902, I. The most essential material is included in Jonathan Elliot, Debates, II., Ill,, IV. Ample treatment in George Bancroft, History of the Constitution, II., and G. T. Curtis, History of the Constitution, II. A few works treating the subject monographic ally or containing special collections of sources are indispensable, notably J. B. McMaster and F. D. Stone, Pennsylvania and the Federal Constitution, 1787-1788 (1888); Samuel B. Harding, The Contest Over the Ratification of the Federal Constitution in the State of Massachusetts {Harvard Historical Studies, 1896), a thoroughly satisfactory monograph with a good bibliography; Orin G. Libby, The Geographical Distribution of the Vote of the Thirteen States on the Federal Constitution, 1787-1788 (University of Wisconsin, Bulletin, Economics, Poliical Science, and History Series, I., No. 1, 1894), containing a good bibliography. Use can be made of Debates and Proceedings in the Convention of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . . . 1788 (1856); Joseph B. Walker, A History of the New Hampshire Convention . . . 1788 (1888); Belknap Papers (Massachusetts Historical Society, Collections, 5th series, vols. II. and III.; 6th series, vol. IV.); Debates and other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia (2ded., 1805); "Letters on . . . the Federal Constitution in Virginia" (Massachusetts Historical Society, Proceedings, 2d series, 1903).
The most important material showing the differences of opinion concerning the Constitution is to be found in Paul L. Ford, Essays on the Constitution of the United States, Published during its Discussion by the People, 1787-1788 (1892); Paul L. Ford, Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States, Published during its Discussion by the People, 1787~1788 (1888). Twenty-two of these essays and pamphlets appear in E. H. Scott, The Federalist and Other Constitutional Papers (2 vols., 1894). For a discussion of the movement for a second convention, see the essay by E. P. Smith, in Essays in the Constitutional History of the United States in the Formative Period, 1775-1789, edited by J. F. Jameson (1889), which contains a number of other essays helpful on this period.
There are several editions of The Federalist besides those contained in the collections of Hamilton's writings; the best edited by P. L. Ford (1898); a good one edited by H. B. Dawson (1863); another edited by E. G. Bourne (1901); another edited by E. H. Scott (1894). The authorship of the disputed numbers of The Federalist is discussed by E. G. Bourne and P. L. Ford in the American Historical Review, II., 443-460, 675-687. Important for studying the origin of the Constitution are James H. Robinson, "The Original and Derived Features of the Constitution" (American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, I., 203-243); Alexander Johnston, "The First Century of the Constitution" (New Princeton Review, IV., 175-190); W. C. Morey, "The Genesis of a Written Constitution" (American Academy of Political and Social Science, Annals, L, 529-557); Charles E. Stevens, Sources of the Constitution of the United States Considered in Relation to Colonial and English History (1894).
THE CHARACTER OF THE CONSTITUTION
The books and articles on this subject are legion. Attention may be called especially to the able treatment in J.I.C. Hare, American Constitutional Law (2 vols., 1889), the earlier chapters; Roger Foster, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (1 vol. published, 1895-). Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution (Cooley's or Bigelow's ed., 1873 or 1891, 2 vols.). For the state-sovereignty interpretation, the best treatments are Alexander H. Stephens, A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States (2 vols., 1868-1870); John R. Tucker, The Constitution of the United States (2 vols., 1899). The contemporary notion of the Constitution as a compact analogous to the social compact is given in A. C. McLaughlin, "Social Compact and Constitutional Construction" {American Historical Review, V., 467-490).